Rehabilitation Methods for Patients with Geographic Atrophy due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Effects of Rehabilitation on Quality of Life.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the low vision rehabilitation methods and to investigate the effect of visual rehabilitation on quality of life in patients with low vision due to geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods: The better-seeing eye of 78 patients with geographic atrophy due to ARMD were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, ophthalmological examination findings, and preferred low vision aids for near and distant were recorded. Fifty-seven patients who preferred to use a low vision aid device in daily life were considered as a rehabilitation group, whereas 21 patients who did not use any device were considered as a control group. The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was applied to all patients at the initial examination and at least 6 months after the initial examination. Results: In the rehabilitation group, statistically significant increases were found in the overall composite score, and general vision, near and distance activities, social functioning, mental health, role difficulties, and dependency subscale scores of the NEI-VFQ-25 quality of life scale after low vision rehabilitation (p=0.009 for general vision, p < 0.001; for others). In the control group, there was no statistically significant change in any of the subscale scores or the overall score of the scale (p > 0.05). All patients (n = 78) were recommended to use at least one low vision aid for near vision. Hyperocular glasses were recommended for 77 patients (98.72%), magnifiers for 15 patients (19.23%), electro-optical devices for 2 patients (2.56%), and telemicroscope for one patient (1.28%). Furthermore, 17 patients (21.8%) were prescribed more than one low vision aids. However, for distance vision, only 29 patients (37.18%) received a recommendation for a low vision aid. Conclusions: Low vision patients with ARMD-related geographic atrophy should meet with low vision aids as soon as possible and should be included in low vision rehabilitation programs.

Retinal findings similar to retinopathy of prematurity in a term-infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

PURPOSE: To present a term-born infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (C-CMV) infection with an atypical retinal finding mimicking retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). CASE DESCRIPTION: A term-born infant was referred to our clinic due to a C-CMV infection. Fundoscopic examination of both eyes revealed a demarcation line at zone II level and peripheral avascular retina along the temporal retina. There was no chorioretinitis, no vitritis, and no retinal vasculitis. There was no history of oxygen supplementation. The demarcation lines in both eyes regressed spontaneously within 3 weeks without any sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: It has been known for many years that C-CMV infection may affect the eye, and chorioretinitis is the most common finding. In this case report, we presented an atypical ROP-like retinal finding in an infant with C-CMV infection. We think that the development of retinal vascularization may be affected by C-CMV infection. We hope that this finding may provide a clue for future investigations to understand the relationship between the pathogenesis of ROP and infection-induced inflammatory processes in prenatal and perinatal life.

Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants / O efeito da dilatação da pupila na pressão intraocular em bebês pré-termo e a termo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. Methods: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. Results: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). Conclusion: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da dilatação da pupila sobre a pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos pré-termo e a termo. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo envolveu 55 olhos de 28 bebês pré-termo e 38 olhos de 20 bebês a termo. Os bebês foram divididos em dois grupos, pré-termo e a termo, de acordo com a idade gestacional ao nascimento: grupo pré-termo <37 semanas; grupo a termo ≥37 semanas. A dilatação da pupila foi feita com tropicamida 0,5% e fenilefrina 2,5%. As medições da pressão intraocular foram realizadas com Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finlândia) antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. O teste t pareado foi usado para comparar as medidas antes e depois da dilatação da pupila. Resultados: A alteração média da pressão intraocular foi de -1,04 ± 3,03 mmHg (+6,20/-11,40 mmHg) no grupo pré-termo e -0,39 ± 2,81 mmHg (+4,60/-9,70 mmHg) no grupo a termo. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na pressão intraocular foi observada apenas no grupo pré-termo após a dilatação da pupila (p=0,01). Conclusão: Após a dilatação da pupila, pode ocorrer alteração inesperada da pressão intraocular em recém-nascidos, principalmente em bebês pré-termo.

Effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term infants.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pupil dilation on intraocular pressure in preterm and term newborns. METHODS: This prospective study involved 55 eyes of 28 preterm infants and 38 eyes of 20 term infants. The infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational ages at birth as follows: preterm group, <37 weeks and term group, ≥37 weeks. Pupil dilation was attained with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed with Icare PRO (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) before and after pupil dilation. A paired t test was used to compare the measurements before and after pupil dilation. RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure change was -1.04 ± 3.03 mmHg (6.20/-11.40 mmHg) in the preterm group and -0.39 ± 2.81 mmHg (4.60/-9.70 mmHg) in the term group. A statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure was observed only in the preterm group after pupil dilation (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: An unexpected alteration in intraocular pressure in newborns may occur after pupil dilation, especially in preterm infants.

Should parents be present during screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity?

Purpose: To investigate whether parents should be present during screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by investigating the anxiety levels of parents using two different approaches. Methods: This cross-sectional and two-center study was carried out with the parents at the time of the first ROP screening examination of their premature infants. At one center, the parents accompanied the infants during the ROP examination (Group 1), and in the other center, they did not (Group 2). Anxiety levels were assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which consists of the State Anxiety (STAI-S) and Trait Anxiety (STAI-T) subscales and a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: A total of 147 parents of 127 infants were included in the study. STAI-T and -S levels were 40.5 ± 8 and 37.9 ± 7.5, respectively, in Group 1 and 39.6 ± 8.1 and 39.4 ± 9.1 in Group 2 before the examination. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of these values between the two groups (P > 0.05). The state anxiety levels increased by an average of 1.7 ± 8 in Group 1 and reached 39.6 ± 10.1 after the examination. In Group 2, these levels decreased by an average of - 2.7 ± 7.5 points to a score of 36.4 ± 10.3. This difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.001). A similar pattern was observed in the evaluation of the VAS data. Conclusion: As a preliminary opinion, it may be more appropriate for parents to not participate in screening examinations, but single-center controlled studies are required to confirm the results.

Ophthalmologic approach to babies with cerebral visual impairment.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an increasingly common type of visual disturbance in infants and children. The increased incidence is associated with improved neonatal intensive care services and survival of premature infants, especially in developed countries and our country. For accurate ophthalmological evaluation, it is important to know the behavioral responses to visual stimuli that are unique to CVI such as color preference, need for movement, visual latency, visual field preference, and difficulty in visual complexity. METHODS: This review is prepared to draw attention to the subject within the scope of Ankara University Vision, Artificial Vision and Low Vision Rehabilitation training programs. RESULTS: The most common causes are hypoxia and perinatal ischemia. Ocular structures are generally normal or are not sufficient to explain the visual impairment. Diagnosis and habilitation methods differ from visual impairment of ocular origin. As a result, early diagnosis of CVI in infants and toddlers and an effective visual habilitation with a multidisciplinary approach where ophthalmologists and pediatricians lead the team is very valuable. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and early visual habilitation will increase the quality of life of babies and will provide important gains for families and therefore the whole society. Pediatricians should be familiar with this group of disturbances and the available resources, as they are best placed to refer the child for evaluation and rehabilitation and encourage the family for follow-up.

Effects of diode laser photocoagulation treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity.

AIM: To investigate the effects of diode laser treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Premature infants who received diode laser treatment for ROP (n=68) and premature infants with spontaneous regressed ROP without treatment (n=50) were performed longitudinal ocular biometric measurements including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length as follows: 1d prior to laser treatment, and 3, 6, 9, and 12mo after the laser treatment. RESULTS: The mean birth weight, gestational age and initial examination time values were 936.53±302.07 g, 26.66±2.42wk, 36.26±2.73wk in the treatment group and 959.78±260.08 g, 27.28±2.10wk, 36.56±2.54wk in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in these demographic characteristics of the groups. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length demonstrated statistically significant linear increases during the study period in the two groups (P<0.001 for each). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of anterior chamber depth after laser treatment. Measurements of the lens thickness at 9th and 12th months (9th month 3.70±0.22 vs 3.60±0.21 mm, P=0.017; 12th month 3.81±0.21 vs 3.69±0.22 mm, P=0.002) and the axial length at 12th month (19.35±0.79 vs 19.13±0.54 mm, P=0.031) after laser treatment were statistically higher in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Diode laser retinal photocoagulation treatment in premature infants seems to increase the lens thickness and axial length.

Retinal choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in former preterm and full-term infants aged 4 to 8 years.

PURPOSE: To compare the retinal thickness at the fovea center, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and choroidal thickness (CT) in former preterm and full-term infants. METHODS: A total of 121 healthy children aged 4-8 years were divided 4 groups: group 1; children born on time, group 2; preterm children without a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), group 3; preterm children with a history of spontaneously regressed ROP and group 4; preterm children who underwent diode laser photocoagulation for ROP. The retinal thickness at the fovea, peripapillary RNFL thickness at global, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants and submacular CT at 7 different points were measured by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness at the fovea center was statistically higher, whereas the mean RNFL thickness values in global, nasal, superior and inferior quadrants were statistically lower in group 4. No difference was found in the mean submacular CT value of any point between the groups. CONCLUSION: Transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation treatment for ROP seems to cause an increase in macular thickness and a decrease in RNFL thickness.

The outcomes of 326 external dacryocystorhinostomy operations in children with dacryostenosis - 30-year experience of an oculoplastic surgeon / Os resultados de 326 operações de dacriocistorrinostomia externa em crianças com dacrioestenose - 30 anos de experiência de um cirurgião oculoplástico

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report demographic features and surgical outcomes of 320 children undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for dacryostenosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the records of patients aged <16 years who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Patient demographic features and success rates of the operations were analyzed from the data records. Children with <12-month follow-up were not enrolled in the study. Results: We identified 326 operative records of 320 children (162 [50.6%] girls and 158 [49.4%] boys) who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy with a mean follow-up of 26.03 ± 11.11 months. Overall, we evaluated 116 (35.6%) cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Our series demonstrated a 99.4% success rate for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Conclusions: External dacryocystorhinostomy in children has a high success rate if performed by an experienced oculoplastic surgeon.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar as características demográficas e os resultados cirúrgicos em 320 crianças submetidas à dacriocistorrinostomia externa para dacrioestenose. Métodos: Foi realizada uma avaliaçãodos prontuários de pacientes com idade <16 anos submetidos à cirurgia de dacriocistorrinostomia externa. Características demográficas do paciente e taxa de sucesso das operações foram analisadas a partir dos registros de dados. Crianças com menos de 12 meses de acompanhamento não foram incluídas no estudo. Resultados: Foram identificados 326 registros operatórios de 320 crianças (162 [50,6%] meninas e 158 [49,4%] meninos) que foram submetidas à dacriocistorrinostomia externa com um seguimento médio de 26,03 ± 11,11 meses. No geral, avaliamos 116 (35,6%) casos de obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal. Nossa série demonstrou uma taxa de sucesso de 99,4% para a dacriocistorrinostomia externa. Conclusão: A dacriocistorrinostomia externa em crianças tem uma alta taxa de sucesso se for realizada por um cirurgião oculoplástico experiente.

The outcomes of 326 external dacryocystorhinostomy operations in children with dacryostenosis - 30-year experience of an oculoplastic surgeon.

PURPOSE: To report demographic features and surgical outcomes of 320 children undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy for dacryostenosis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the records of patients aged <16 years who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Patient demographic features and success rates of the operations were analyzed from the data records. Children with <12-month follow-up were not enrolled in the study. RESULTS: We identified 326 operative records of 320 children (162 [50.6%] girls and 158 [49.4%] boys) who underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy with a mean follow-up of 26.03 ± 11.11 months. Overall, we evaluated 116 (35.6%) cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Our series demonstrated a 99.4% success rate for external dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSIONS: External dacryocystorhinostomy in children has a high success rate if performed by an experienced oculoplastic surgeon.

Short- and long-term effects of zinc treatment on lacrimal gland histopathology and tear functions tests in radioiodine-administered rats.

PURPOSE:: To investigate the short-term (1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) protective effects of zinc administration on radioiodine (RAI)-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats. METHODS:: A total of 40 rats were divided into two groups: an RAI group (n=20), which was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL physiologic saline for 7 days by gastric gavage, and a zinc group (n=20), which received a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL of physiologic saline containing zinc sulfate at a concentration of 10 mg/kg concentration for 7 days by gastric gavage. All rats underwent tear function tests before and 1 week after RAI administration. About 1 week after irradiation, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed and the extraorbital lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. The remaining animals of the groups underwent the same procedures at 8 weeks after irradiation. RESULTS:: In the RAI and zinc groups, the mean tear production was 3.75 ± 1.55 and 3.65 ± 1.53 mm at baseline, 2.10 ± 1.07 and 3.30 ± 1.34 mm at week 1 (p=0.004), and 3.22 ± 1.48 and 3.50 ± 1.78 mm at week 8, respectively; further, the mean corneal fluorescein staining scores were 4.65 ± 2.16 and 4.80 ± 2.21 points at baseline, 7.85 ± 1.90 and 5.45 ± 2.06 points at week 1 (p=0.001), and 5.44 ± 2.13 and 4.90 ± 2.08 at week 8, respectively. The histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands at weeks 1 and 8 were consistent with the tear function test results. CONCLUSIONS:: Zinc treatment seems to be protective against RAI-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats, particularly in the acute period.

Short- and long-term effects of zinc treatment on lacrimal gland histopathology and tear functions tests in radioiodine-administered rats / Efeitos de curto e longo prazo do tratamento com zinco na histopatologia da glândula lacrimal e funções lacrimais em ratos que receberam iodo radioativo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the short-term (1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) protective effects of zinc administration on radioiodine (RAI)-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats. Methods: A total of 40 rats were divided into two groups: an RAI group (n=20), which was administrated a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL physiologic saline for 7 days by gastric gavage, and a zinc group (n=20), which received a single dose of 3 mCi of 131I and 1 mL of physiologic saline containing zinc sulfate at a concentration of 10 mg/kg concentration for 7 days by gastric gavage. All rats underwent tear function tests before and 1 week after RAI administration. About 1 week after irradiation, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed and the extraorbital lacrimal glands were removed for histopathological examination. The remaining animals of the groups underwent the same procedures at 8 weeks after irradiation. Results: In the RAI and zinc groups, the mean tear production was 3.75 ± 1.55 and 3.65 ± 1.53 mm at baseline, 2.10 ± 1.07 and 3.30 ± 1.34 mm at week 1 (p=0.004), and 3.22 ± 1.48 and 3.50 ± 1.78 mm at week 8, respectively; further, the mean corneal fluorescein staining scores were 4.65 ± 2.16 and 4.80 ± 2.21 points at baseline, 7.85 ± 1.90 and 5.45 ± 2.06 points at week 1 (p=0.001), and 5.44 ± 2.13 and 4.90 ± 2.08 at week 8, respectively. The histopathological changes in rat lacrimal glands at weeks 1 and 8 were consistent with the tear function test results. Conclusions: Zinc treatment seems to be protective against RAI-induced lacrimal gland damage of rats, particularly in the acute period.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se o tratamento com zinco tem efeito protetor, no curto prazo (1 semana) e longo prazo (8 semanas), sobre os danos induzidos na glândula lacrimal por iodo radiotativo (RAI) em ratos. Métodos: Quarenta ratos foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo RAI (n=20) foi administrada uma única dose de 3 mCi 131I e 1 cc de solução salina fisiológica durante 7 dias, por gavagem gástrica. O grupo zinco (n=20) recebeu uma dose única de 3 mCi 131I e 1 cc de solução salina fisiológica contendo sulfato de zinco na concentração de 10 mg/kg durante 7 dias por gavagem gástrica. Os testes de função lacrimal foram realizadas para todos os animais antes e após uma semana da administração da RAI. Em seguida, após 1 semana da administração, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e as glândulas lacrimais extraorbitais foram removidas para exame histopatológico. Os animais remanescentes dos grupos foram submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos após 8 semanas a radiação. Resultados: As médias de produção lacrimal foram de 3,75 ± 1,55 e 3,65 ± 1,53 mm na linha de base, 2,10 ± 1,07 e 3,30 ± 1,34 mm na 1a semana (p=0,004), e 3,22 ± 1,48 e 3,50 ± 1,78 mm na 8a semana, para os grupos RAI e zinco, respectivamente. As pontuações médias de coloração fluoresceína foram 4,65 ± 2,16 e 4,80 ± 2,21 no início do estudo, 7,85 ± 1,90 e 5,45 ± 2,06 na primeira semana (p=0,001), 5,44 ± 2,13 e 4,90 ± 2,08 pontos na 8a semana, para os grupos RAI e zinco, respectivamente. As alterações histopatológicas das glândulas lacrimais em 1 e 8 semanas foram consistentes com os testes de função lacrimal resultados. Conclusões: O tratamento de zinco parece ser protetor sobre os danos glândula lacrimal induzidos por RAI em ratos, especialmente no período agudo.

The effects of smoking on dry eye parameters in healthy women.

AIM: To investigate the effects of chronic smoking on dry eye parameters. METHODS: Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and tear function tests such as Schirmer's test, tear break-up-time (TBUT) test and impression cytology of 63 female chronic smokers and 40 age-matched female non-smokers were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The mean OSDI scores, Schirmer test results and TBUT levels were 35.85 ± 24.01 point, 14.25 ± 5.94 mm and 5.17 ± 2.85 s in chronic smokers and 15.20 ± 12.93 point, 15.48 ± 7.01 mm and 10.03 ± 3.44 s in non-smokers, respectively. Differences in OSDI scores, TBUT levels and impression cytology grades among the chronic smokers and non-smokers were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Smoking behavior seems to affect the dry eye parameters negatively.

Prostaglandin E2 Levels of Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Ketorolac 0.4% and Nepafenac 0.1% Administered Healthy Rabbits.

PURPOSE: To compare the lowering effects of ketorolac 0.4% and nepafenac 0.1% on aqueous and vitreous humor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in rabbits. METHODS: Ketorolac and nepafenac ophthalmic solutions were administered to the right eyes of 24 healthy rabbits after randomized division into two groups. The left eyes of these rabbits were considered as controls for the two groups. On the 4th day of the experiment, the samples were taken from the aqueous and vitreous humors of the rabbits bilaterally, and PGE2 levels were measured by an enzyme immune assay kit. RESULTS: Ketorolac and nepafenac achieved a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001, for each) in PGE2 levels in the aqueous (11.75 ± 6.15 and 14.75 ± 7.60 pg/mL, respectively) and the vitreous humor (6.58 ± 4.62 and 9.83 ± 4.55 pg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both ketorolac and nepafenac inhibited PGE2 levels in both the aqueous and vitreous humors of rabbits. Although PGE2-lowering effects were similar in the aqueous humor, nepafenac seemed to be more potent than ketorolac in the vitreous humor.

The Effect of Laser Photocoagulation on Intraocular Pressure in Premature Infants With Retinopathy of Prematurity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of diode laser treatment on intraocular pressure (IOP) of premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The premature infants who underwent retinal laser photocoagulation therapy for ROP, and gestational age-matched, birth weight-matched, and sex-matched premature infants with ROP which recovered spontaneously without any treatment were enrolled into the study. Anterior segment examination and longitudinal IOP and central corneal thickness measurements were performed 5 times as follows: 1 day before the laser treatment (T0), and 24 hours (T1), 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after the laser treatment. Premature infants who experienced any complication related to the laser treatment were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Laser treated 67 premature infants and 70 premature infants in control group met inclusion criteria. Significant linear decreases in IOP and central corneal thickness values were measured throughout the study period for both groups (both, P<0.001). These changes were similar in 2 groups. There was a statistically insignificantly (P=0.999) and transient increase in the mean IOP value in the laser-treated group 24 hours after laser treatment. None of the patients in the laser-treated group experienced a shallow anterior chamber or a remarkable IOP elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser treatment for ROP was safe, and did not raise the IOP of premature infants.

Clinical features of infants treated for severe retinopathy of prematurity: 8-yearstudy from a large tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in Turkey.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to report the gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) distribution of premature babies who needed treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to assess the timing of the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 9008 infants who were screened for ROP were examined and 556 infants who underwent laser therapy for ROP were reviewed. Sex, GA, BW, postnatal age, and postmenstrual (PM) age at the time of laser therapy were recorded. The babies were classified as in-born (Group 1) and out-born infants (Group 2). RESULTS: The mean GA was 27.3 weeks (range: 22-33 weeks) and the mean BW was 991.1 g (range: 520-2160 g). Of the treated infants, 7.0% were born later than 32 weeks and 8.3% were born over 1500 g. The mean postnatal age was 9.48 weeks (range: 5-22 weeks) and the mean PM age was 36.72 weeks (range: 29-48 weeks) at the time of treatment. Mean BWs and GAs were significantly higher and the mean postnatal age at the time of laser therapy was significantly earlier in Group 2. CONCLUSION: Infants with severe ROP had a wider range of BWs and GAs compared to those from developed countries and earlier treatment was needed for out-born infants.

Growth of biometric components and development of refractive errors in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate the biometric components and refractive errors in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length were measured with an ultrasound biometer. Cycloplegic refraction was performed by streak skiascopy. Infants with or without ROP were grouped according to postmenstrual age at the time of ocular examination: Group 1, ≤33 weeks; Group 2, 34-37 weeks; Group 3, 38-41 weeks; Group 4, 42-45 weeks; Group 5, ≥46 weeks. RESULTS: The mean postnatal age of 894 infants (451 females and 443 males) was 8.7 ± 4.5 weeks, gestational age was 30.9 ± 2.8 weeks, and birth weight was 1506 ± 484 g. In Group 2, the mean vitreous length and axial length of infants with ROP were significantly lower than those of infants without ROP (P = 0.011, P = 0.001). The mean anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, spherical equivalent, and astigmatism in all groups did not differ significantly among the infants with or without ROP (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and axial length showed a linear growth throughout the follow-up period. The maximum elongation was observed in vitreous length and axial length.

Maternal Diabetes as an Independent Risk Factor for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Infants With Birth Weight of 1500 g or More.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Data of 78 premature infants from diabetic mothers were compared with data of 258 controls. We examined the relationship between maternal diabetes and the development of ROP and type 1 ROP, adjusting for multiple risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of outcome variables. Prior to multivariable logistic regression analysis, the association of each independent variable with the outcome variables, a univariate estimate was performed. The crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) values and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were given. Main outcome measures were the development of ROP and the development of type 1 ROP. RESULTS: The study was conducted on 336 preterm infants; 78 were from diabetic mothers and 258 were from nondiabetic mothers. The rate of ROP (78.2% in case group and 14.7% in control group) and the rate of type 1 ROP (20.5% in case group and 4.7% for controls) were found significantly higher in the case group (P = .001 for both). Maternal diabetes was shown to be an independent risk factor for both ROP and type 1 ROP (OR with 95% CI: 25.040 [12.728-49.264]; 6.311 [2.647-15.048], respectively, and P < .001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the presence of maternal diabetes is significantly associated with the development of ROP and type 1 ROP in premature infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or more.

Determination of normal values of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in healthy premature infants-a prospective longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the longitudinal change of intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in healthy premature infants. METHODS: Premature infants born at 28 weeks' gestational age were included in this prospective, single-center longitudinal study. IOP was measured by handheld applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Avia); CCT measurements were performed by ultrasonic pachymeter. Examinations were held at 32 weeks' gestational age initially and at 2-week intervals thereafter for a total of 5 consecutive measurements by the same ophthalmologist. RESULTS: A total of 110 right eyes of 110 healthy premature infants were analyzed. The mean IOP at 32 weeks' gestational age was 18.28 ± 2.78 mm Hg; mean CCT, 670.56 ± 55.72 µm. Mean IOP and CCT thereafter were 16.13 ± 2.20 mm Hg and 613.67 ± 48.11 µm in week 34, 14.67 ± 2.04 mm Hg and 579.24 ± 43.73 µm in week 36, 13.49 ± 2.08 mm Hg and 551.91 ± 40.75 µm in week 38, and 13.21 ± 1.94 mm Hg and 546.18 ± 38.70 µm in week 40. The longitudinal changes of mean IOP and CCT values between 5 consecutive measurements were statistically significant (P < 0.001, for each). CONCLUSIONS: IOP and CCT values decrease longitudinally in healthy premature infants between 32 and 40 weeks' gestational age. Elevated IOP values, which were identified in the early premature period, seem to be associated with higher CCT values.